The COP30 climate summit in Belém revealed deep divisions as major economies resisted key climate commitments, including the phasing out of fossil fuels. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Environment Minister Marina Silva championed the “Belem Roadmap to 1.5,” but faced opposition from countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, China, and India. Despite strong progress on deforestation, the final outcome excluded fossil fuel and deforestation roadmaps, drawing criticism from the EU and NGOs such as
Greenpeace.